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Official Description

Surgery of intracranial arteriovenous malformation; supratentorial, simple

© Copyright 2025 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Common Language Description

An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a pathological condition characterized by an abnormal connection between the arterial and venous systems, where one or more arteries and veins connect directly without the intermediary of capillaries. This congenital malformation can lead to significant complications due to the high-pressure shunting of blood into the venous system, which may result in vessel rupture and subsequent hemorrhage. Specifically, intracranial AVMs are located within the skull and can be classified based on their anatomical position relative to the tentorium cerebelli, a membrane that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. A supratentorial AVM is situated above this membrane and encompasses critical structures such as the cerebral hemispheres, lateral and third ventricles, choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and the pineal and pituitary glands. In contrast, infratentorial AVMs are found below the tentorium and involve the cerebellum, cerebellopontine angle, fourth ventricle, and brain stem. The surgical procedure for addressing a supratentorial AVM involves a craniotomy, which entails creating scalp flaps, drilling burr holes, and elevating a bone flap to access the dura mater and expose the AVM. The procedure employs microsurgical techniques to meticulously locate and ligate the arterial feeders and draining veins, ultimately excising the AVM. This surgical intervention is critical for preventing the potential life-threatening consequences associated with AVMs, such as hemorrhagic stroke.

© Copyright 2025 Coding Ahead. All rights reserved.

1. Indications

The procedure for the surgical intervention of a supratentorial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is indicated in the following scenarios:

  • Symptomatic AVM Patients presenting with symptoms such as seizures, headaches, or neurological deficits that are attributable to the presence of an AVM.
  • Risk of Hemorrhage Individuals with an AVM that poses a significant risk of rupture and subsequent hemorrhage, which can lead to severe complications or death.
  • Size and Location AVMs that are classified as simple, meaning they are smaller masses of vessels that do not incorporate normal vessels and are not located in critical brain regions.

2. Procedure

The surgical procedure for the excision of a supratentorial AVM involves several critical steps:

  • Craniotomy The procedure begins with the creation of scalp flaps to expose the underlying skull. Burr holes are drilled into the skull, and the bone between these holes is cut using a saw or craniotome. A bone flap is then elevated to provide access to the dura mater.
  • Dura Opening Once the bone flap is removed, the dura mater is carefully opened to expose the AVM. This step is crucial for visualizing the abnormal blood vessels that comprise the AVM.
  • Intraoperative Angiography If necessary, an intraoperative angiography may be performed to identify the specific blood vessels involved in the AVM, aiding in the surgical approach.
  • Microsurgical Technique Using microsurgical techniques, the arterial feeders supplying the AVM are located. These vessels are then suture ligated and divided to prevent blood flow to the AVM.
  • Dissection and Isolation The mass of involved blood vessels is meticulously dissected from the surrounding tissue. The draining vein(s) are isolated, ligated, and divided to facilitate complete removal of the AVM.
  • Complete Excision The AVM is completely excised from the surrounding brain tissue. This step is critical to ensure that all abnormal vessels are removed and to minimize the risk of recurrence.
  • Post-Excision Angiograms Additional angiograms are obtained post-excision to confirm that the entire AVM has been successfully removed.
  • Closure After confirming complete excision, the dura is closed, the bone flap is replaced and secured using sutures, wire, or miniplate and screws, and the overlying skin flap is closed with sutures.

3. Post-Procedure

Post-procedure care following the surgical excision of a supratentorial AVM includes monitoring for any signs of complications such as bleeding, infection, or neurological deficits. Patients may require imaging studies to assess the surgical site and ensure that there are no residual AVM components. Recovery may involve a hospital stay for observation, followed by rehabilitation to address any neurological deficits that may have arisen due to the AVM or the surgical intervention. The healthcare team will provide specific instructions regarding activity restrictions, medication management, and follow-up appointments to monitor the patient's recovery progress.

Short Descr INTRACRANIAL VESSEL SURGERY
Medium Descr INTRACRANIAL ARVEN MALFRMJ SUPRATENTRL SMPL
Long Descr Surgery of intracranial arteriovenous malformation; supratentorial, simple
Status Code Active Code
Global Days 090 - Major Surgery
PC/TC Indicator (26, TC) 0 - Physician Service Code
Multiple Procedures (51) 2 - Standard payment adjustment rules for multiple procedures apply.
Bilateral Surgery (50) 0 - 150% payment adjustment for bilateral procedures does NOT apply.
Physician Supervisions 09 - Concept does not apply.
Assistant Surgeon (80, 82) 2 - Payment restriction for assistants at surgery does not apply to this procedure...
Co-Surgeons (62) 1 - Co-surgeons could be paid, though supporting documentation is required...
Team Surgery (66) 0 - Team surgeons not permitted for this procedure.
Diagnostic Imaging Family 99 - Concept Does Not Apply
APC Status Indicator Inpatient Procedures, not paid under OPPS
Type of Service (TOS) 2 - Surgery
Berenson-Eggers TOS (BETOS) P1G - Major procedure - Other
MUE 1
CCS Clinical Classification 59 - Other OR procedures on vessels of head and neck

This is a primary code that can be used with these additional add-on codes.

61316 Addon Code MPFS Status: Active Code APC C Incision and subcutaneous placement of cranial bone graft (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
69990 Addon Code MPFS Status: Restricted APC N ASC N1 PUB 100 CPT Assistant Article 1Microsurgical techniques, requiring use of operating microscope (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
51 Multiple procedures: when multiple procedures, other than e/m services, physical medicine and rehabilitation services or provision of supplies (eg, vaccines), are performed at the same session by the same individual, the primary procedure or service may be reported as listed. the additional procedure(s) or service(s) may be identified by appending modifier 51 to the additional procedure or service code(s). note: this modifier should not be appended to designated "add-on" codes (see appendix d).
AS Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist services for assistant at surgery
22 Increased procedural services: when the work required to provide a service is substantially greater than typically required, it may be identified by adding modifier 22 to the usual procedure code. documentation must support the substantial additional work and the reason for the additional work (ie, increased intensity, time, technical difficulty of procedure, severity of patient's condition, physical and mental effort required). note: this modifier should not be appended to an e/m service.
58 Staged or related procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional during the postoperative period: it may be necessary to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was: (a) planned or anticipated (staged); (b) more extensive than the original procedure; or (c) for therapy following a surgical procedure. this circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 58 to the staged or related procedure. note: for treatment of a problem that requires a return to the operating/procedure room (eg, unanticipated clinical condition), see modifier 78.
59 Distinct procedural service: under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other non-e/m services performed on the same day. modifier 59 is used to identify procedures/services, other than e/m services, that are not normally reported together, but are appropriate under the circumstances. documentation must support a different session, different procedure or surgery, different site or organ system, separate incision/excision, separate lesion, or separate injury (or area of injury in extensive injuries) not ordinarily encountered or performed on the same day by the same individual. however, when another already established modifier is appropriate it should be used rather than modifier 59. only if no more descriptive modifier is available, and the use of modifier 59 best explains the circumstances, should modifier 59 be used. note: modifier 59 should not be appended to an e/m service. to report a separate and distinct e/m service with a non-e/m service performed on the same date, see modifier 25.
62 Two surgeons: when 2 surgeons work together as primary surgeons performing distinct part(s) of a procedure, each surgeon should report his/her distinct operative work by adding modifier 62 to the procedure code and any associated add-on code(s) for that procedure as long as both surgeons continue to work together as primary surgeons. each surgeon should report the co-surgery once using the same procedure code. if additional procedure(s) (including add-on procedure(s) are performed during the same surgical session, separate code(s) may also be reported with modifier 62 added. note: if a co-surgeon acts as an assistant in the performance of additional procedure(s), other than those reported with the modifier 62, during the same surgical session, those services may be reported using separate procedure code(s) with modifier 80 or modifier 82 added, as appropriate.
78 Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room by the same physician or other qualified health care professional following initial procedure for a related procedure during the postoperative period: it may be necessary to indicate that another procedure was performed during the postoperative period of the initial procedure (unplanned procedure following initial procedure). when this procedure is related to the first, and requires the use of an operating/procedure room, it may be reported by adding modifier 78 to the related procedure. (for repeat procedures, see modifier 76.)
79 Unrelated procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional during the postoperative period: the individual may need to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was unrelated to the original procedure. this circumstance may be reported by using modifier 79. (for repeat procedures on the same day, see modifier 76.)
80 Assistant surgeon: surgical assistant services may be identified by adding modifier 80 to the usual procedure number(s).
82 Assistant surgeon (when qualified resident surgeon not available): the unavailability of a qualified resident surgeon is a prerequisite for use of modifier 82 appended to the usual procedure code number(s).
CR Catastrophe/disaster related
GC This service has been performed in part by a resident under the direction of a teaching physician
LT Left side (used to identify procedures performed on the left side of the body)
RT Right side (used to identify procedures performed on the right side of the body)
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